Tag: grammar

  • what is Article? and it divided into how many parts?

    what is Article? and it divided into how many parts?

    Def: Article is a word which is used to determine a noun or an adjective and come before nouns.

    “A, An, the” are the words called articles.

    Example:

    I eat an orange.

    She is a girl.

    The cat loves comfort.

    Note: Articles are divided into two parts.

    1. Indefinite Articles.
    2. Definite Articles.

    1.Indefinite Article:

    Def: In English Grammar, there are two Indefinite Articles which are…

    “A and an”

    • A is used for words beginning with a consonant.

    Example: A book, a pan, a rubber, a bag, a ruler, a duster, etc…

    • An is used for words beginning with a vowel.

    Example: An umbrella, an orange, an apple, an iron, an elephant, etc…

    • Some native speakers use “an” before words beginning with H if the first syllable is not stressed.

    Example: An hotel- a hotel, an historical novel- a historical novel, an university- a university.

    • In its original numerical sense of one.

    Example: Not a word was said.

          A word to the wise is sufficient.

    • In a vague sense of certainty.

    Example: One morning a man came to my home.

          A Brak Obama is retired for his country.

    • In the sense of any to single out an individual as the representative.

    Example: A cow is a useful animal.

          A pupil should lessen his teacher.

    • To make a common noun of a proper noun.

    Example: A Damon comes to school.

          A loin eats all animals.

    2. Definite Article:

    There is one definite article exist in English Grammar which is

    “The”

    Usages of Article “The”

    • It is used before things or group of things.

    Example: The book you bought is useful.

          Let us enjoy the picnic.

    • It is used before common nouns.

    Example: They are the student who got the 1st position.

                                 The horse is a noble animal.

    • It is used before ordinal numbers.

    Example: The fifth class.

          The sixth class.

    • It is used before the superlative form of an adjective.

    Example: Ali is the tallest boy in our class.

       Sarah is the happiest girl of her family.

    • Before some proper names.

    Example: The Pacific ocean,

         The Sahara deserts

    • Before names of things unique of their kind.

    Example: The sky, the sun, the moon, the ocean, the earth, the sea.

    • Before musical instruments.

    Example: He can play the music.

    • As an adverb with Comparative form.

    Example: The more they get, the more they want.

        Harry writes the best in the class.

    The omission of the Article:

    1. Before names of substances and abstract noun (uncountable noun) used in general sense

    Example: Honesty is the best policy.

         Gold is a precious metal.

    2. Before plural countable nouns used in a general sense.

    Example: Children like chocolates.

         Laptops are used in many countries.

    3. Before names of meals (used in a general sense)

    Example: Breakfast is ready.

          Dinner is ready.

    4. Before languages.

    Example: I am studying English.

         They speak Sindhi in class.

    5. Before school, college, university, church, bed, hospital, prison.

    Example: My mother is in hospital.

         She learned English at school.

  • what is adverb? How Many Types of Adverb we have?

    what is adverb? How Many Types of Adverb we have?

    Adverb: An adverb is an element that adds some more information about time, place, manner, degree, circumstance and etc… of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

    • she writes quickly.                          (Modifies: Verb)
    • he is very polite.                              (Modifies: Adjective)
    • they drive very slowly.                    (Modifies: Adverb)

    kinds of Adverb.

    1. Adverbs of Manner.
    2. Adverbs of Place.
    3. Adverb of Time.
    4. Adverb of Frequency.
    5. Adverbs of Degree.
    6. Adverb of Sentence.
    7. Interrogative Adverbs.
    8. adverbs of Reason.
    9. Relative Adverbs.
    10. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.

    1. Adverbs of Manner:

    Adverbs which show that how or in what manner, way an action has been completed are called adverbs of manner.

    (fastly, slowly, quickly, happily, sadly, well)

    Example:

    They secretly went to the marriage party.

    She slowly sings the song.

    Note: Most of the adverbs of manner are formed from an adjective, we form them by adding – ly” to the end of an adjective like “slow- slowly, happy- happily”

    2. Adverbs of Place:

    Adverbs of place usually show where an action happened OR it is used to indicate a place of an action.

    (By, down, near, here, up, at, in, out)

    Example:

    Come in.

    He is downstairs.

    I am looking up.

    Note: if there is no object, these adverbs are usually placed after the verb like: He went out. But they come after Verb+ object as They find him nearby.

    3. Adverbs of Time:

    Adverb of time show when an action happened or it is used to denote the time when an action occurs.

    (Now, then, soon, still, yet, tomorrow)

    Example:

    I have spoken to her already.

    I have not completed the homework yet.

    Note: Adverb of time are usually placed whether in the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

    Yesterday I hurt my foot/ I hurt my foot yesterday.

    4. Adverbs of Frequency:

    Adverbs of frequency show how often an action takes place or it shows the repetition of an action.

    (Always, often, twice, never, again, once, seldom)

    Example:

    He usually makes absences.

    I always pray to Allah.

    Some common adverbs of frequency and their percentage of occurrence.

               Adverbs     % occurrence
               Always            90- 100%
              Usually            75- 90%
              Often            60- 80%
              Sometime            30- 75%
              Hardly ever            20- 40%
              Rarely            10- 30%
              Never             0- 1-%

    Note: Adverbs of frequency are normally placed after the simple tenses to be like: She is usually happy in the morning.

    Before the simple tenses of all other verbs like They always wake up early in the morning.

    After the first Auxilary when there are many like She has never been to Paris.

    5. Adverbs of Degree:

    Adverbs of the degree show to what extent an action happened or it shows the degree of an adverb or an adjective.

    (too, almost, fully, very, enough, so, better, rather, hardly, fairly)

    Example:

    She is pretty enough to win the Award.

    I am so glad to meet you.

    Note: Adverbs of degree are placed before adverbs or Adjective.

    6. Adverbs of Sentence:

    Adverbs of a sentence are used to modify the whole sentence and normally express the speaker’s opinion.

    (Definitely, honestly, surely, luckily, certainly)

    Example:

    Surely, They are my parents.

    Luckily, I am the 1st position holder.

    7. Interrogative Adverbs:

    Interrogative adverbs are used in asking questions.

    (When, where, why, how)

    Example:

    Which class are you studying?

    where are you from?

    8. Adverbs of reason:

    Adverbs of reason usually show why an action took place.

    (Therefore, because of, due to, hence, owing to, the reason for)

    Example:

    He got the 1st position because of working hard.

    He is late therefore he is punished.

    9. Relative adverbs:

    Relative adverbs are used to connect (join) to clauses or sentences.

    (When, where, why)

    Example:

    This is the reason why I feel proud.

    I will call you when I get free.

    10. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation:

    Adverbs of affirmation and negation express accepting or refusing of a question.

    (Yes, no, no at all, exactly, surely, of course, perhaps)

    Example:

    I don’t know her.

    Certainly, I am ill.

    Forms of Adverbs.

    Some adverbs are the same in form as the corresponding adjectives; that is some words are used sometimes as an adjective, sometimes as adverbs. Most of the adverbs are formed by adding (ly) at the end of adjectives.

    Example:

    Slow-               Slowly

    Brave-             Bravely

    Dangerous-    Dangerously

    Comparison of adverbs:

    adverbs are similarly compared like an adjective:

    1. One syllable adverbs take (-er) in the comparative form, and (-est) in the superlative form at the end of the positive degree.

    fast- faster- fastest

    hard- harder- hardest

    deep- deeper- deepest

    quick- quicker- quickest

    long- longer- longest

    soon- sooner- soonest

    2. Adverbs of more than one syllable take (more) and (most) before positive in the comparative and superlative forms.

    Calmy- more calmly- most calmly

    Beautifully- more beautifully- most beautifully

    Definitely- more definitely- most definitely

    Swiftly- more swiftly- most swiftly

    skillfully- more skillfully- most skillfully

    3. Some of the commonest Adverbs form their comparative and superlative degrees irregularly.

    Badly- worse- worst

    well- better- best

    Much- more- most

    Little- less- least

    Near- nearer- nearest

    Far- farter- farthest

    further- furthest

    Late- later- latest

  • What is Verb? Types of verbs and With Examples

    What is Verb? Types of verbs and With Examples

    Verb:

    The verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing. The verb comes from a Latin Word Verbum, a word that’s why it’s called because it is the most important word in a sentence. A verb often consists of more than one word.

    Example:

    Sara cooks food.

    The boys were singing the song.

    She is dancing.

    In the above sentence “cooks, singing and Dancing” is the verb of the sentence that shows the action which is done by the doer or subject “Sara, the boys and she”

    • There are two classes of verbs:
    1. Main/ ordinary verbs……………………. Play, repeat, cook and etc
    2. Auxiliary/ helping verbs…………………..be, used, can, will and etc

    Main verb:

    A verb that functions as the head of verbs in a sentence is called the main verb.

    Example:

    She saw him at the wedding.

    They play football.

    In the above sentences, you can clearly notice that the word “saw and play” are the Main verb that performs an action.

    Auxiliary/ Helping verbs:

    Verbs, which are used in forming tenses, moods and voices of other verbs are called auxiliary verbs.

    Example:

    She is laughing at him.

    They are working hard.

    In the above sentences the word “laughing and working” are the helping verbs that perform an action in the sentence.

    Note: There are Eight types of verb.

    1. Causative Verbs
    2. Transitive verbs
    3. Intransitive verbs
    4. Ditransitive verbs
    5. Dynamic Verbs
    6. Regular verbs
    7. Irregular verbs
    8. Phrasal verbs

    1.  Causative verbs:

    We use causative verbs when we don’t carry out an action ourselves but are responsible for the action being performed OR causative verbs indicate that we don’t do an action, but get it done by someone else.

    Example:

    I made my sister polish my shoes.

    He forced them to work hard.

    The most common causative verbs are:

    (Allow, force, get, make, have, let, help)

    The causative verbs which are followed by an object+ full infinitive.

     Force: means to compel somebody to perform something.

    Allow: means to permit somebody to perform something.

    Get means to cause or persuade somebody to perform something.

    Example:

    I get my brother to wash my clothes.

    Ali allows his sister to go to the party.

    In the above sentences u can see the word “to+ verb – to+ wash and to+ go” is the causative verbs followed by a full infinitive.

    The causative verbs which are followed by object+ bara infinitive.

    Make means to convince somebody to perform something.

    Have means agreement.

    Let means to permit somebody to perform something.

    Example:

    The parents shouldn’t let their children watch the movie.

    She made her best friend enjoy the party.

    The above sentences show the word “watch and enjoy” are the causative verbs followed by a bare infinitive.

    2. Transitive verb:

    Those verbs which need objects for their complete meaning is called transitive verbs.

    Example:

    He is eating a banana.

    We watch TV every Saturday.

    In the sentences, the words “eating and watch” are transitive verbs performing or completing the action.

    3. Intransitive verb:

    Those verbs which don’t need objects for their complete meaning is called intransitive verbs.

    Example:

    Sun rises in the east.

    Birds fly.

    She is sleeping.

    In the above sentences the words “rises, fly, sleeping” shows intransitive verbs that perform the action.

    4. Ditransitive verb:

    The verbs which need direct and indirect objects are called ditransitive verbs.

    Example:

    I was asking him a question.

    They told her about you.

    In the 1st sentence, it shows that the person directly ask the person question and in the 2nd sentence it shows that the person indirectly talked about the 2nd person in front of the third person.

    5. Dynamic verb:

    The verb in which there is an action progressive or continued on the part of the subject is called a dynamic verb.

    Example:

    She is writing a letter.

    He will do it.

    6. Regular verb:

    Verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding “ed”

              Base Form              Past Tense          Past Participle
              walk               Walked               Walked
              Laugh               Laughed                Laughed
               Paint               Painted                Painted
               Watch               Watched                Watched
                Play               Played                Played
                Marry               Married                 Married
                Die               Died                   Died

    7. Irregular verbs:

    Verbs that form their past tense and past participle in a different way from adding “ed”

                 Base Form                 Past Tense          Past Participle
                      Sit                      Sat                   Sat
                     Ring                     Rang                  Rung
                     Come                     Came                  Come

    We have three types of irregular verbs. 

    1. Verbs in which all three forms are the same.

     Example: cut  –  cut  –  cut

    put –  put –  put

    2. Verbs in which two of the three forms are the same.

    Example:  sit  –  sat – sat

    dig – dug – dug

    3. Verbs in which all the three forms are different.

    Example: ring – rang – rung

    grow – grew – grown

    8. Phrasal verb:

    Verbs are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and a particle preposition and adverb. The particle can change the meaning of the verb completely.

    Example:

    We broke up two years ago.

    Look for – seek (look for her ring)

    Look forward – anticipate with pleasure (look forward to meeting someone)

    The position of the particle:

    In some cases, the particle is placed either after the verb or after the object.

    Example:

    Write down the word.

    Write the word down.

    If the object is the pronoun, however, the particle has to be placed after the pronoun (object)

    Write it down.

    Put it down.

    Take it off.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

  • what is pronoun? what are the types of pronoun? Full Details

    what is pronoun? what are the types of pronoun? Full Details

    Pronouns: A pronoun is a part of speech that is used instead of a noun.

    Example:

    She is my student.

    They are visitors.

    List of all kinds of a Pronouns.

    1. Personal
    2. Subjective
    3. Objective
    4. Possessive
    5. Indefinite
    6. Relative
    7. Intensive
    8. Demonstrative
    9. Interrogative

    Note: All these kinds of pronouns have its own method and usage.

    Top English Idioms you should know in daily conversation What is Sentence? and how many kinds of sentences we have?

    1. Personal pronoun:

    Are mostly used to replace noun and also used as a subject, object and possessive case in sentences.

    Example:

    They often visit the white house.

    Shabnam cooked food for us.

    2. Subjective pronoun:

    A subject pronoun also called subjective or subject personal pronoun, is used as a substitute for proper and common nouns and is used when the pronouns are the subject of the sentence.

    (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)

    Example:

    She wrote a letter.

    We enjoyed the party.

    3. Objective pronoun:

    An object pronoun also called objective pronoun, functions as the object of a verb and preposition like (around, behind, beside, in, on, at, for, with)

    (me, you, him, her, it, us, them)

    Example:

    I told him to apply for the job.

    They wished us to be successful.

    4. Possessive pronoun:

    A possessive pronoun attributes ownership to someone or something for example, in the phrase, “These drums are mine, not yours” the words “Mine” and “yours” are possessive pronouns and stand for “my drums” and “your drums” respectively.

    (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs)

    Example:

    This is our classroom. It’s ours.

    This is my mobile. It’s mine.

    5. Indefinite pronoun:

    The indefinite pronoun doesn’t refer to any particular nouns, it refers to things and people in general.

    Singular (anybody, anything, anyone, enough, either, neither, nothing, someone, each, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, one, somebody, something)

    Plural (several, both, others, few, many, any, all, more)

    Example:

    Enough is enough.

    Something is missing.

    6. Relative pronoun:

    These are used to combine or connects a clause or phrase to a noun or pronouns.

    (who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, that)

    Example:

    The man who drives the car was my uncle.

    She is the girl that I talked.

    7. Intensive pronoun:

    These are used to focus or emphasize a noun or pronouns.

    (myself, himself, herself, themselves, itself, yourself, yourselves, ourselves)

    Example:

    She herself wrote the letter.

    They themselves visit the zoo.

    8. Demonstrative pronoun:

    Demonstrative pronouns emphasize the noun that replacing a pronoun.

    (these, those, this, that, such)

    Example:

    Such an amazing party it was.

    This is my notebook.

    9. Interrogative pronoun:

    An interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions.

    (who, whom, which, whose, what)

    Example:

    Whose pen is it?

    What is your job?

    The summary of personal pronouns includes as following.

      subject
    pronouns
    object
    pronouns
    possessive
    adjective
    possessive
    pronouns
    reflexive
    pronouns
    1st per        i      me      my     mine myself
    2nd per      you       you     your    yours yourself
    3rd per
    (male)
          he     him       his       his himself
    3rd per
    (female)
        she     her      her     hers herself
    3rd per        it       it       its not used itself
    1st per
    (plural)
       we    us    our    ours ourselves
    2nd per
    (plural)
       you    you    your   yours yourselves
    3rd per
    (plural)
       they     them     their      theirs themselves

     

  • What is noun? with full details and examples

    What is noun? with full details and examples

    Definition: Noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, things etc

    Example:  Person; John, Scooby, Tom, David

    Animal: sheep, cow, hen, snake

    Place: Lahore, Hunza, Kaghan, Kashmir

    Thing: mouse, laptop, cupboard, cup

    Top English Idioms you should know in daily conversation What is Sentence? and how many kinds of sentences we have?

    lists of a noun:

    1. Countable
    2. Uncountable
    3. Possessive  (Genitive case)
    4. Common
    5. Collective
    6. Concrete
    7. Abstract
    8. Proper
     

    NOUN

     

                         People                         Places                      Things
                 Teacher   (Fatima )                         Country                         Tree
                Policemen (Ali )                         Store                         Rock
                Farmer   (Murad )                         State                        Pencil
         Singer (Shreya Goshal)                         City                        Cloud
               Tailor       (Arman)                         Office                        Water
                Worker      (Zoya)                    Playground                        Book

     

    Note: cut out the correct nouns from the box and make sentences from the given hints.

    what is pronoun? what are the types of pronoun? Full Details What is a Verb? Types of verbs and Examples 

    1. Countable Nouns

    Countable Nouns: countable nouns are those nouns which we can count. For example: “pencil” we can count pencils. We can have one, two, three or more pencils. Here are some more countable nouns.

    • Sheep, goat, person, rubber
    • Jug, doll, drum, box
    • Fork, knife, plate, spoon
    • Briefcase, mobile, book, fan

    2. Uncountable Nouns:

    uncountable nouns are those nouns which we can’t count, for example, we can’t count “milk”. we can count “bottles of milk” or “liters of milk”, but we cannot count “milk” itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns.

    • Water, butter, sugar, rice
    • Gas, power, light
    • Soup, salt, sand, air

    Genitive case (Possessive noun):

    The genitive case is the grammatical case that marks a noun as modifying another noun. It often marks a noun as being the possessor of another noun; however, it can also indicate various other relationships than possession.

    Example:

    • Zara’s long dress, Zara,s shoes, Zara’s coffee (relationship indicating possession)
    • A chair of wood. (a relationship indicating composition)
    • The smell of rose. (participation in an action)
    • Girl of Russia. (origin)
    • The capital of the Republic. (reference)
    • Bless of Allah. (description)

    what is an adverb? How Many Types of Adverb we have? Adjective? what are the degrees and 7 types of Adjective?

    Forms of Genitive case:

    The genitive case can be indicated by
    1. Adding’s after the noun (John’s brother)
    2. Adding “of” before the noun (the starting of a wedding)

    Note: the spelling of the genitive case depends on whether the noun is plural, singular or ending in “s”

            Type       Genitive case                     Explanation
         Singular noun   the boy’s shirt    a boy is singular: add ‘s
          plural noun    the girls’ room     The girl is plural: add ‘s
         Singular noun     Leila’s friend     Laila is singular: add ‘s
         Plural noun    children toys children are plural add ‘s

    4. common noun:

    the common noun is those nouns which refer to a person or things in general.

    Example:

    city, country, state,

    Quetta is a beautiful city.

    5. collective noun:

    Are those nouns which refer to a person or things in a group of something in a particular.

    Example:

    The audience, participants, government, jury

    The competitors are waiting in the hall.

    What is a preposition? and divided into how many parts? what is Conjunction? how many kinds of conjunctions we have?

    6. Concrete noun:

    Are those noun which refers to people or things that physically exists and we can touch, heard, smelled, tasted and can be seen.

    example:

    dog, cat, building, house, rain, tree, salt

    can I have that cup?

    7. Abstract noun:

    concepts use an abstract noun to refer qualities, ideas, and conditions which physically we can’t see, touch and things which have no physical reality.

    Example:

    happiness, love, hate, anger, sadness, friendship

    I love to travel the world.

    8. Proper noun:

    according to the classification of noun proper noun refers to a particular or specific person, place or thing.

    Example:

    Effile tower, White house, Burji Khalifa, Fazil masjid

    Burji Khalifa is the tallest tower in the world.

    what is an interjection? when we use interjection? what is Article? and it divided into how many parts?